Citation: Gaojing Yang, Zhimeng Hao, Chun Fang, Wen Zhang, Xia-hui Zhang, Yuyu Li, Zhenhua Yan, Zhiyuan Wang, Tao Sun, Xiaofei Yang, Fei Wang, Chengzhi Zhang, Hongchang Jin, Shuaifeng Lou, Nan Chen, Yiju Li, Jia-Yan Liang, Le Yang, Shouyi Yuan, Jin Niu, Shuai Li, Xu Xu, Dong Wang, Song Jin, Bo-Quan Li, Meng Zhao, Changtai Zhao, Baoyu Sun, Xiaohong Wu, Yuruo Qi, Lili Wang, Nan Li, Bin Qin, Dong Yan, Xin Cao, Ting Jin, Peng Wei, Jing Zhang, Jiaojiao Liang, Li Liu, Ruimin Sun, Zengxi Wei, Xinxin Cao, Kaixiang Lei, Xiaoli Dong, Xijun Xu, Xiaohui Rong, Zhaomeng Liu, Hongbo Ding, Xuanpeng Wang, Zhanheng Yan, Guohui Qin, Guanghai Chen, Yaxin Chen, Ping Nie, Zhi Chang, Fang Wan, Minglei Mao, Zejing Lin, Anxing Zhou, Qiubo Guo, Wen Luo, Xiaodong Shi, Yan Guo, Longtao Ma, Xiangkun Ma, Jiangjiang Duan, Zhizhang Yuan, Jiafeng Lei, Hao Fan, Jinlin Yang, Chao Li, Tong Zhou, Jiabiao Lian, Jin Zhao, Huanxin Ju, Tinglu Song, Zulipiya Shadike, Weiguang Lv, Jiawei Wen, Lingxing Zeng, Jianmin Ma. Research progress and perspectives on rechargeable batteries[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2025, 36(10): 111185. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111185 shu

Research progress and perspectives on rechargeable batteries

Gaojing Yang ^a ,
Zhimeng Hao ^a ,
Chun Fang ^b ,
Wen Zhang ^c ,
Xia-hui Zhang ^d ,
Yuyu Li ^e ,
Zhenhua Yan ^f ,
Zhiyuan Wang ^g ,
Tao Sun ^h ,
Xiaofei Yang ⁱ ,
Fei Wang ^j ,
Chengzhi Zhang ^k ,
Hongchang Jin ^l ,
Shuaifeng Lou ^m ,
Nan Chen ⁿ ,
Yiju Li ^o ,
Jia-Yan Liang ^m ,
Le Yang ^p ,
Shouyi Yuan ^q ,
Jin Niu ^r ,
Shuai Li ^s ,
Xu Xu ^t ,
Dong Wang ^u ,
Song Jin ^v ,
Bo-Quan Li ^w ,
Meng Zhao ^x ,
Changtai Zhao ^y ,
Baoyu Sun ^z ,
Xiaohong Wu ^aa ,
Yuruo Qi ^ab ,
Lili Wang ^a ,
Nan Li ^a ,
Bin Qin ^ac ,
Dong Yan ^ad ,
Xin Cao ^ae ,
Ting Jin ^f ,
Peng Wei ^af ,
Jing Zhang ^ag ,
Jiaojiao Liang ^ah ,
Li Liu ^ai ,
Ruimin Sun ^aj ,
Zengxi Wei ^ak ,
Xinxin Cao ^al ,
Kaixiang Lei ^am ,
Xiaoli Dong ^an ,
Xijun Xu ^ao ,
Xiaohui Rong ^ap ,
Zhaomeng Liu ^aq ,
Hongbo Ding ^ar ,
Xuanpeng Wang ^{as, br} ,
Zhanheng Yan ^at ,
Guohui Qin ^au ,
Guanghai Chen ^z ,
Yaxin Chen ^av ,
Ping Nie ^aw ,
Zhi Chang ^al ,
Fang Wan ^ax ,
Minglei Mao ^ay ,
Zejing Lin ^az ,
Anxing Zhou ^ap ,
Qiubo Guo ^ba ,
Wen Luo ^as ,
Xiaodong Shi ^bb ,
Yan Guo ^bc ,
Longtao Ma ^bd ,
Xiangkun Ma ^be ,
Jiangjiang Duan ^bf ,
Zhizhang Yuan ⁱ ,
Jiafeng Lei ^bg ,
Hao Fan ^z ,
Jinlin Yang ^bb ,
Chao Li ^bh ,
Tong Zhou ^bi ,
Jiabiao Lian ^bj ,
Jin Zhao ^bk ,
Huanxin Ju ^bl ,
Tinglu Song ^bm ,
Zulipiya Shadike ^bn ,
Weiguang Lv ^bo ,
Jiawei Wen ^bp ,
Lingxing Zeng ^bq ,
Jianmin Ma ^a,

a.
School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
b.
State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
c.
Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo 315200, China
d.
School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
e.
Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Surface and Interface Regulation Technology and Equipment for Renewable Energy Materials, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
f.
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
g.
School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
h.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
i.
Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
j.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
k.
Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528000, China
l.
Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
m.
State Key Laboratory of Space Power-Sources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
n.
School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
o.
Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, SUSTech Energy Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
p.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
q.
National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering Kunming, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
r.
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
s.
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
t.
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
u.
State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130013, China
v.
Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
w.
Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
x.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
y.
Solid State Batteries Research Center, GRINM (Guangdong) Institute for Advanced Material and Technology, Foshan 528051, China
z.
State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
aa.
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
ab.
School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
ac.
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
ad.
Key Laboratory for High Efficiency Energy Conversion Science and Technology of Henan Province, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
ae.
School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
af.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
ag.
Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
ah.
School of Transportation and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412008, China
ai.
College of chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
aj.
Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
ak.
State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
al.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
am.
State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
an.
Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Institute of New Energy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
ao.
School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
ap.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
aq.
Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
ar.
School of Physics and Laboratory of Zhongyuan Light, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
as.
School of Physics and Mechanics, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
at.
Instrumental Analysis Center, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China
au.
College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
av.
School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
aw.
Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Material of the Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
ax.
School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
ay.
School of Integrated Circuits, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
az.
Tianjin Key Lab of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
ba.
Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
bb.
School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
bc.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
bd.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
be.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
bf.
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
bg.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
bh.
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
bi.
Hubei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Power Battery, School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China
bj.
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
bk.
College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
bl.
PHI Analytical Laboratory, ULVAC-PHI Instruments Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211110, China
bm.
Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
bn.
Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
bo.
Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
bp.
College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
bq.
Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
br.
Zhongyu Feima New Material Technology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China

nanoelechem@hnu.edu.cn

Received Date: 14 January 2025
Revised Date: 20 March 2025
Accepted Date: 8 April 2025
Available Online: 8 April 2025

Figures(46)

Energy storage plays a critical role in sustainable development, with secondary batteries serving as vital technologies for efficient energy conversion and utilization. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements across various battery systems, including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion, and multivalent metal-ion batteries such as magnesium, zinc, calcium, and aluminum. Emerging technologies, including dual-ion, redox flow, and anion batteries, are also discussed. Particular attention is given to alkali metal rechargeable systems, such as lithium-sulfur, lithium-air, sodium-sulfur, sodium-selenium, potassium-sulfur, potassium-selenium, potassium-air, and zinc-air batteries, which have shown significant promise for high-energy applications. The optimization of key components—cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, and interfaces—is extensively analyzed, supported by advanced characterization techniques like time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), synchrotron radiation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and in-situ spectroscopy. Moreover, sustainable strategies for recycling spent batteries, including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct recycling, are critically evaluated to mitigate environmental impacts and resource scarcity. This review not only highlights the latest technological breakthroughs but also identifies key challenges in reaction mechanisms, material design, system integration, and waste battery recycling, and presents a roadmap for advancing high-performance and sustainable battery technologies.
- Rechargeable batteries,
- Electrode materials,
- Electrolyte chemistry,
- Characterization technologies,
- Battery recycling
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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142