Citation: Bin Yao, Yao Bu, Hongfei Sun, Guowang Li, Xianying Wu, Wei Wang. Interlocked covalent organic cages: Design, synthesis, and self-assembly[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(1): 111894. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111894 shu

Interlocked covalent organic cages: Design, synthesis, and self-assembly

Bin Yao ^{a, *,} ,
Yao Bu ^a ,
Hongfei Sun ^a ,
Guowang Li ^a ,
Xianying Wu ^a ,
Wei Wang ^{b, *,}

a.
Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
b.
School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

yaobin@ctbu.edu.cn

wwang@chem.ecnu.edu.cn

Received Date: 7 July 2025
Revised Date: 2 September 2025
Accepted Date: 24 September 2025
Available Online: 25 September 2025

Figures(19)

Interlocked covalent organic cages have aesthetic skeletons endowed with structural and topological complexity. Their self-assembly provides a unique possibility to mimic the hierarchical self-assembly of biomacromolecules. In recent years, significant progresses in interlocked covalent organic cages have been witnessed. Different topological structures have been fabricated via various non-template induced methods, and diverse weak interactions are demonstrated to play critical roles in guiding the formation of interlocked structures. Therefore, this article systematically summarizes the recent advances in interlocked covalent organic cages, especially their design, synthesis, and self-assembly properties. Depending on different types of chemical reactions, irreversible and reversible reactions are separately introduced. In each section, proper monomer selection, critical topology design, key driving forces as well as detailed interlocked mechanisms for the formation of interlocked structures, and their self-assembly behaviors in single crystals are discussed detailedly. Finally, the challenge and future development of interlocked covalent organic cages are briefly prospected.
- Mechanically interlocked molecules,
- Chemical topology,
- Dynamic covalent chemistry,
- Non-covalent interactions,
- Supramolecular chemistry
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