Citation: Long-Fei Yuan, Yu-Jian He, Hong Zhao, Ying Zhou, Pei Gu. Colorimetric detection of D-amino acids based on anti-aggregation of gold nanoparticles[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2014, 25(7): 995-1000. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.06.002 shu

Colorimetric detection of D-amino acids based on anti-aggregation of gold nanoparticles

  • Corresponding author: Yu-Jian He,  Pei Gu, 
  • Received Date: 1 April 2014
    Available Online: 28 May 2014

    Fund Project: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21272263) (No. 21272263) the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 08JT011J01) (No. K20130206)the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Sciences &Technology Support Project (No. 2012BAI37B03) (No. 08JT011J01)

  • A new method has been proposed to realize the visual detection of D-amino acids (DAAs) via the antiaggregation of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the presence of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). The negatively charged AuNPs were prepared using sodium citrate as a reducer and stabilizer. The presence of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) and Cu2+ induces the aggregation of AuNPs, resulting in a color change from ruby red to royal purple. However, DAAO could oxidize DAAs to generate H2O2. In the presence of H2O2, the mercapto (-SH) group in 4-mercaptobenzoic acid can be oxidized to form a disulfide (-S-S-) bond. Based on these facts, the pre-incubation of DAAs and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid with DAAO would significantly reduce the concentration of free 4-mercaptobenzoic acidmolecules, thus the aggregation of AuNPs was interrupted since due to the lack of inducer. As the concentration of DAAs increases, the color of the AuNPs solution would progress from royal purple to ruby red. Consequently, DAAs could be monitored by the colorimetric response of AuNPs using a UV-vis spectrophotometer or even naked eyes. This DAAO mediated visual detectionmethod could determine Dalanine (D-Ala) as a representative DAA with concentrations ranging from 1.5×10-7 mol L-1 to 3.0×10-5 mol L-1, and the detection limit was as low as 7.5×10-8 mol L-1. The proposed method is convenient, low-cost and free of complex equipment, making it feasible to analyze the concentration of D-Ala in real samples of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ1-42).
  • Efficient synthesis of novel macrocyclic hosts with unique structures and good host–guest properties is a permanent and challenging topic in the field of supramolecular chemistry [1-7]. During the last decade, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of macrocyclic molecular and a number of new macrocyclic receptors with novel properties have been reported, such as heterocalix[n]aromatics [8-10], pillar[n]arene [11-16], helicarenes [17-19], naphthotubes [20-24], Ex-box and Ex-cage [25-32], and others [33-37]. However, most of the reported macrocyclic hosts showed poor solubility and weak host–guest interactions in water. To develop a new macrocyclic molecule with good water solubility and molecular recognition properties not only helps us to understand and mimic the biological processes, but also enriches the toolbox of supramolecular chemists. Water soluble groups including sulfonate [38-40], carboxylate [41-43] and quaternary amine groups [44, 45] have been modified onto the macrocyclic hosts to increase their water solubility. These approaches often suffer from long synthetic steps and low yields, which restrict their further application in the complicated supramolecular self-assembly. Undoubtedly, it is important to develop novel water-soluble macrocyclic hosts that could be obtained in high yields and show good host–guest properties in water. Recently, Li and coworkers [46, 47] reported the efficient synthesis of water-soluble macrocyclic hosts using dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) approach. In their method, both macrocycles and [2] catenanes could be obtained in high yields under the thermodynamic control. However, the purification of [2] catenanes need chromatographic. Previously, our group [42, 43] prepared a novel water-soluble cylindrical macrotricyclic host, and found that the host could bind two N-methylquinolinium salts to form 1:2 complexes in water. Inspired by these results, we deduced that whether we could find a new strategy to construct novel water-soluble macrocyclic host with significant host–guest properties in high yields.

    So far as we know, 1, 8-bis(4-pyridylethynyl)anthracene, which looks like a molecule "clip", has been used as donor building block to prepare trigonal prisms [48]. Thus, the anthracene-based "clip" could also serve as half part of a macrocycle and a macrocyclic host could be obtained when a suitable building block was introduced to this clip. Herein, we report the efficient synthesis of a novel water soluble macrocyclic host 12+·2Br and its complexation with neutral guests in water. By the utilization of the anthracene-based "clip" to react with 1, 4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene, host 12+·2Br can be obtain via simple filtration in a high yield of 82%. Moreover, it was found that host 12+·2Br could form 1:1 complexes with guests 2 and 3 in water solution (Fig. 1). Interestingly, we discovered that host 12+·2Br could only selectively accommodate naphthalene among a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. This selective host-guest recognition could be employed for the further removal of naphthalene from sewage.

    Figure 1

    Figure 1.  Structures and the proton designations of host 12+·2Br, guests 2 and 3.

    Synthesis of host 12+·2Br was outlined in Scheme 1. Compound 4 was first prepared according to the literature procedure [48]. By the reaction of 4 and commercially available 1, 4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene in acetonitrile at 90 ℃, host 12+·2Br could be easily synthesized in 82% yield. Macrocyclic host 12+·2Br showed moderate solubility in water, and its structure was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS spectra and crystal structure analysis (Supporting information).

    Scheme 1

    Scheme 1.  Synthesis of host 12+·2Br.

    Firstly, the binding properties of host 12+·2Br toward neutral guests 2 and 3 were investigated by 1H NMR spectra in water solution. Unlike the previous results that reported by our group [43], after electron-poor host 12+·2Br (4.0 mmol/L) and electron-rich guest 2 with 1:1 molar ratio were mixed in water, no obviously color change was observed. The similar phenomenon was also observed for the aqueous solution between host 12+·2Br and guests 3. These results led us to doubt that whether host 12+·2Br could form of complexes with guests 2 and 3. Consequently, the 1H NMR experiments were carried out to further investigate the complexation between host 12+·2Br and guest 2 in water. As shown in Fig. 2, the 1H NMR spectrum of a 1:1 mixture of 12+·2Br and 2 in D2O showed a great difference with those for free host 12+·2Br and free guest 2. Upfield shifts of the resonances of protons H1, H2 and H3 corresponding to guest 2 were observed, which indicated that the naphthalene unit of 2 experienced a shielded magnetic environment in the aromatic cavity of 12+·2Br. Moreover, the signal of protons Hf and Hg in host 12+·2Br also shifted upfield, implying that the electron-poor pyridine unit of 12+·2Br was in shielded magnetic environment and a new complex 1·2 could be formed. Meanwhile, by increasing the amount of guest 2, the spectrum of complex 1·2 showed only one set of resonances, which indicated that the complexation and decomplexation between host 12+·2Br and guest 2 were a fast exchange process on the NMR time scale at room temperature. The formation of complex 1·2 was also supported by 2D NOESY spectral experiment. As shown in the Fig. S4 (Supporting information), the clear correlation signals between protons H1-Hg, H2-Hg and the protons of crown ether units of host 12+·2Br were observed, which was also consistent with the formation of complex 1·2. Moreover, 1H NMR titrations and nonlinear fitting were then performed to quantitatively estimate the 1:1 binding manner between host 12+·2Br and guest 2. Consequently, it was found that 1:1 complex 1·2 were formed by the mole ratio plot. The binding constant (K) of the complex 212+·2Br was calculated to be 184±4 L/mol by the Scatchard plot [49]. By the counteranion exchange of 12+·2Br, we also prepared oil-soluble 12+·2PF6 and investigated its complexation with 2 in MeCN. As shown in Fig. S3 (Supporting information), the 1H NMR spectrum of the 1:1 mixture of 12+·2PF6 and 2 was essentially the sum of the two components, indicating that no obvious complexation between 12+·2PF6 and 2 occurred and the major driving force for the formation of 212+·2Br in water could be hydrophobic interactions. In addition, the binding constant of the complex 312+·2Br was measured to be around 64±2 L/mol in D2O at 298 K. Compared to guest 2 containing a naphthalene unit, guest 3 has a smaller phenyl hydrophobic moiety, which accounted for its lower binding constant within host 12+·2Br.

    Figure 2

    Figure 2.  Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, D2O, 295 K) of (a) free guest 2, (b) 12+·2Br and 1.0 equiv. of 2, (c) free host 12+·2Br. [12+·2Br]0=4.0 mmol/L.

    The attempts to obtain the single crystal of 212+·2Br and 12+·2Br were unsuccessful. Fortunately, a yellow single crystal of 12+·2PF6 was obtained by slow vapor diffusion of ether to a solution of 12+·2PF6 in CH3CN, providing unambiguous evidence for the formation of 12+·2Br. As shown in Fig. 3a, the two pyridinium residues orientate in a face-to-face nanner and the distance between two N and C atoms of pyridinium residues are measured to be 5.812 Å (h) and 5.647 Å (g), indicating the moderate-sized cavity of host 12+·2PF6. Interestingly, it was found that PF6 ion showed not only multiple CH···F hydrogen bonds but also anion···π interactions with pyridinium rings with the distance of 2.989 (d), 3.062 (e) and 3.159 (f), respectively. Moreover, π···π interaction between two anthracene groups of host 12+·2PF6 with a distance of 3.846 Å (i) was also observed (Fig. 3b). Because of these multiple noncovalent interactions, the macrocyclic molecule 12+·2PF6 could self-assemble to form a 1D tubular channel with PF6 ions inside the channels.

    Figure 3

    Figure 3.  Crystal structure of 12+·2PF6 (a). Crystal structure of self-assembly 12+·2PF6 side view (b), top view (c). Dashed lines denote the noncovalent interactions between the two components. CH···F hydrogen bond distances (Å): a=2.461, b=2.404, c=2.557. PF6 ions and hydrogen atoms not involved in the noncovalent interactions are omitted for clarity.

    Inspired by the formation of complex 1·2 in water, we further investigated the capability of 12+·2Br to accommodate a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. As shown in Fig. 4a, 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed that 12+·2Br can encapsulate naphthalene to formation of 1:1 complex. However, the formation of 1:1 complexes between 12+·2Br and anthracene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, pyrene and perylene were not observed (Figs. 4b–f). These observations could be explained by the fact that host 12+·2Br had a small cavity and could only recognize small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene. However, because of the extremely poor solubility of naphthalene in water, the corresponding binding constants of host 12+·2Br and naphthalene could not be determined. The highly selective binding behavior of host 12+·2Br toward naphthalene could be further used for the separation of naphthalene from a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

    Figure 4

    Figure 4.  Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, D2O, 298 K) of 12+·2Br after addition of a variety of water-insoluble guests including (a) naphthalene, (b) anthracene, (c) phenanthrene, (d) triphenylene, (e) pyrene and (f) perylene. All the spectra were recorded after sonicating the corresponding suspensions for no less than 24 h to allow the host–guest complexation to reach the equilibrium. The resonance signals of the guests are labelled with red arrows.

    In conclusion, by taking advantage of anthracene-based "clip" structure, we developed an efficient approach to construct a water-soluble macrocycle and studied its binding ability toward neutral guests containing naphthalene or phenyl units in water. The formation of 1:1 complexes between host 12+·2Br and 2 or 3 were confirmed by the 1H NMR titrations experiment. Additionally, we demonstrated that the major driving force for the formation of 212+·2Br or 312+·2Br in water might be hydrophobic interactions. We further investigated its ability to host a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution. It was found that host 12+·2Br could selectively encapsulate of naphthalene to formation of 1:1 complexes over a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This highly selective accommodation hydrophobic guest in water could be explained by the fact that host 12+·2Br had a relatively small hydrophobic cavity. The application of this novel water-soluble host for the separation of naphthalene from a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and removal of naphthalene from sewage, are underway in our laboratory.

    The authors report no declarations of interest.

    The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21602055 and 51772091); Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 2017JJ3094) and Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province (No. 18C1072).

    Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.019.


    * Corresponding author.
    E-mail address: zengfei@iccas.ac.cn (F. Zeng).
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