钾离子电池过渡金属氧化物正极材料：研究进展与设计策略

引用本文: 武利琛, 杨祎晗, 周江, 鲁兵安. 钾离子电池过渡金属氧化物正极材料：研究进展与设计策略[J]. 物理化学学报, 2026, 42(7): 100217. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100217 shu

Citation: Lichen Wu, Yihan Yang, Jiang Zhou, Bingan Lu. Transition metal oxide cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries: research progress and design strategies[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2026, 42(7): 100217. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100217 shu

钾离子电池过渡金属氧化物正极材料：研究进展与设计策略

武利琛 ^1,2, ,
杨祎晗 ^2, ,
周江 ^3, ,
鲁兵安 ^{2,
,}

1.
中南林业科技大学材料与能源学院, 湖南长沙 410004;
2.
湖南大学物理与微电子科学学院, 湖南长沙 410082;
3.
中南大学材料科学与工程学院, 湖南长沙 410083

通讯作者: 鲁兵安,E-mail:luba2012@hnu.edu.cn

基金项目:
国家自然科学基金(U20A20247,52502249)资助项目

摘要: 钾离子电池由于其资源丰富且电化学特性与锂离子电池相似等优点在近年受到广泛关注。正极材料的设计优化是提升钾离子电池综合性能的关键。其中，过渡金属氧化物正极凭借其高理论容量、适宜的工作电压窗口、可调控的晶体结构等性质成为研究热点。然而，K⁺的大离子半径和过渡金属的姜-泰勒畸变易引发晶格结构失稳，导致不可逆相变、过渡金属溶出等问题，限制了正极材料的循环寿命与能量密度的提升。本综述系统介绍了钾离子电池过渡金属氧化物正极材料的评估体系和合成方法，并重点评述了近年来过渡金属氧化物正极材料针对上述核心挑战的研究进展。同时，结合过渡金属氧化物正极材料研究中元素掺杂、表面包覆以及多尺度合成等设计策略及其作用机理，剖析当前研究的关键瓶颈并对未来发展方向进行展望，为促进钾离子电池在大规模储能系统中的应用和其他二次电池技术的发展提供借鉴参考。

关键词:

English

Transition metal oxide cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries: research progress and design strategies

1.
College of Materials and Energy, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan Province, China;
2.
School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan Province, China;
3.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China

Corresponding author: Bingan Lu, luba2012@hnu.edu.cn

Received Date: 06 September 2025
Accepted Date: 05 November 2025
Revised Date: 21 October 2025

Abstract: Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems, owing to the abundant potassium resources and electrochemical properties similar to those of lithium-ion systems. Cathode materials play a pivotal role in determining the overall performance of PIBs. Among them, transition metal oxides (TMOs) have attracted extensive research interest due to their high theoretical capacity, suitable operating voltage, and tunable crystal structures. However, the relatively large ionic radius of K⁺ often leads to significant volume variation and anisotropic strain during (de)intercalation, which induces irreversible phase transitions, severe lattice distortion, and structural collapse. In addition, the Jahn-Teller effect associated with transition-metal ions such as Mn³⁺ further aggravates local structural distortion and triggers transition metal dissolution, severely limiting the cycling stability and energy density of TMO cathodes. These issues underscore the importance of rational material design and interface regulation to achieve stable electrochemical performance. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in TMO cathode materials for PIBs, encompassing evaluation metrics and synthesis methods. A variety of modification strategies, including elemental doping, surface coating, and multi-scale structural design, have been developed to modulate lattice parameters and defects, suppress phase transitions, and enhance ionic conductivity, operating voltage, structural stability, and cycling endurance. Among these approaches, P2/P3 biphasic integration and high-entropy doping, for example, have been shown to effectively inhibit Jahn-Teller distortion and volume change, thereby enabling long-term cyclability. In addition, the combination of in situ characterization and theoretical calculations has significantly deepened the understanding of K⁺ storage mechanisms and structure-performance relationships. Notwithstanding the substantial progress achieved, several critical challenges persist. These include capacity enhancement and structural stability optimization, cycle life improvement and the formulation of integrated strategies, cathode-electrolyte interphase engineering, the development of composite materials and hybrid systems, ensuring manufacturing consistency and scalability, advancing theoretical modeling and computational guidance, as well as leveraging artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted material design and prediction. Future efforts should focus on developing novel structural motifs, optimizing electrode/electrolyte interfaces, advancing sustainable manufacturing processes, and integrating AI-guided material design. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mechanistic strategies and recent progress, offering valuable insights for the rational design of high-performance PIBs suitable for practical applications in large-scale energy storage and next-generation energy storage applications.

Key words:

1. [1]
  Y. Xu, Y. Du, H. Chen, J. Chen, T. Ding, D. Sun, D.H. Kim, Z. Lin, X. Zhou, Chem. Soc. Rev. 53 (2024) 7202, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cs00601h.Y. Xu, Y. Du, H. Chen, J. Chen, T. Ding, D. Sun, D.H. Kim, Z. Lin, X. Zhou, Chem. Soc. Rev. 53 (2024) 7202, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cs00601h.
2. [2]
  M. Li, C. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Lyu, J. Wang, S. Xia, J. Mao, Z. Guo, Adv. Mater. (2025) 2416717, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202416717.M. Li, C. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Lyu, J. Wang, S. Xia, J. Mao, Z. Guo, Adv. Mater. (2025) 2416717, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202416717.
3. [3]
  Y. Gao, Q. Yu, H. Yang, J. Zhang, W. Wang, Adv. Mater. 36 (2024) 2405989, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202405989.Y. Gao, Q. Yu, H. Yang, J. Zhang, W. Wang, Adv. Mater. 36 (2024) 2405989, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202405989.
4. [4]
  S. Xin, X. Zhang, L. Wang, H. Yu, X. Chang, Y.-M. Zhao, Q. Meng, P. Xu, C.-Z. Zhao, J. Chen, et al., Sci. China Chem. 67 (2023) 13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-023-1908-9.S. Xin, X. Zhang, L. Wang, H. Yu, X. Chang, Y.-M. Zhao, Q. Meng, P. Xu, C.-Z. Zhao, J. Chen, et al., Sci. China Chem. 67 (2023) 13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-023-1908-9.
5. [5]
  H. Zhang, L. Qiao, H. Kühnle, E. Figgemeier, M. Armand, G.G. Eshetu, Energ. Environ. Sci. 16 (2023) 11, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02998g.H. Zhang, L. Qiao, H. Kühnle, E. Figgemeier, M. Armand, G.G. Eshetu, Energ. Environ. Sci. 16 (2023) 11, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02998g.
6. [6]
  K.H. Wedepohl, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 (1995) 1217, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2.K.H. Wedepohl, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 (1995) 1217, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2.
7. [7]
  E.R. Nightingale Jr., J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) 1381, https://doi.org/10.1021/j150579a011.E.R. Nightingale Jr., J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) 1381, https://doi.org/10.1021/j150579a011.
8. [8]
  T. Hosaka, K. Kubota, A.S. Hameed, S. Komaba, Chem. Rev. 120 (2020) 6358, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00463.T. Hosaka, K. Kubota, A.S. Hameed, S. Komaba, Chem. Rev. 120 (2020) 6358, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00463.
9. [9]
  Y. Tian, G. Zeng, A. Rutt, T. Shi, H. Kim, J. Wang, J. Koettgen, Y. Sun, B. Ouyang, T. Chen, et al., Chem. Rev. 121 (2020) 1623, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00767.Y. Tian, G. Zeng, A. Rutt, T. Shi, H. Kim, J. Wang, J. Koettgen, Y. Sun, B. Ouyang, T. Chen, et al., Chem. Rev. 121 (2020) 1623, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00767.
10. [10]
  B. Wang, E.H. Ang, Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, M. Ye, Q. Liu, C.C. Li, Chem-eur J. 27 (2020) 512, https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202001811.B. Wang, E.H. Ang, Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, M. Ye, Q. Liu, C.C. Li, Chem-eur J. 27 (2020) 512, https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202001811.
11. [11]
  J. Huang, Y. Zhu, Y. Feng, Y. Han, Z. Gu, R. Liu, D. Yang, K. Chen, X. Zhang, W. Sun, et al., Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 38 (2022) 2208008, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202208008.J. Huang, Y. Zhu, Y. Feng, Y. Han, Z. Gu, R. Liu, D. Yang, K. Chen, X. Zhang, W. Sun, et al., Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 38 (2022) 2208008, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202208008.
12. [12]
  T. Masese, G.M. Kanyolo, Energy Adv. 3 (2024) 60, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ya00406f.T. Masese, G.M. Kanyolo, Energy Adv. 3 (2024) 60, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ya00406f.
13. [13]
  K. Sun, S.H. Luo, G. Hao, S. Guo, L. Qian, S.x. Yan, Q. Wang, Chem. Rec. 24 (2024) e202300327 https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202300327.K. Sun, S.H. Luo, G. Hao, S. Guo, L. Qian, S.x. Yan, Q. Wang, Chem. Rec. 24 (2024) e202300327 https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202300327.
14. [14]
  M.G.T. Nathan, H. Yu, G.T. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.S. Cho, J. Kim, J.K. Kim, Adv. Sci. 9 (2022) 2105882, https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105882.M.G.T. Nathan, H. Yu, G.T. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.S. Cho, J. Kim, J.K. Kim, Adv. Sci. 9 (2022) 2105882, https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105882.
15. [15]
  P. Hong, C. Xu, C. Yan, Y. Dong, H. Zhao, Y. Lei, ACS Energy Lett. 10 (2025) 750, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02915.P. Hong, C. Xu, C. Yan, Y. Dong, H. Zhao, Y. Lei, ACS Energy Lett. 10 (2025) 750, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02915.
16. [16]
  R. Wu, B. Ren, X. Wang, J. Lin, X. Li, J. Zheng, H.Y. Yang, Y. Shang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2024) 2418018, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202418018.R. Wu, B. Ren, X. Wang, J. Lin, X. Li, J. Zheng, H.Y. Yang, Y. Shang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2024) 2418018, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202418018.
17. [17]
  H. Liu, F. Nozaki, J. Hwang, K. Matsumoto, J. Power Sources 630 (2025) 236172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236172.H. Liu, F. Nozaki, J. Hwang, K. Matsumoto, J. Power Sources 630 (2025) 236172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236172.
18. [18]
  S. Xu, Y. Yang, F. Tang, Y. Yao, X. Lv, L. Liu, C. Xu, Y. Feng, X. Rui, Y. Yu, Mater. Horiz. 10 (2023) 1901, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh00003f.S. Xu, Y. Yang, F. Tang, Y. Yao, X. Lv, L. Liu, C. Xu, Y. Feng, X. Rui, Y. Yu, Mater. Horiz. 10 (2023) 1901, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh00003f.
19. [19]
  Y. Xin, Y. Ge, Z. Li, Q. Zhang, H. Tian, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 40 (2024) 2303060, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202303060.Y. Xin, Y. Ge, Z. Li, Q. Zhang, H. Tian, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 40 (2024) 2303060, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202303060.
20. [20]
  J. Hu, Y. Hong, M. Guo, Y. Hu, W. Tang, S. Xu, S. Jia, B. Wei, S. Liu, C. Fan, et al., Energy Storage Mater. 56 (2023) 267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.01.021.J. Hu, Y. Hong, M. Guo, Y. Hu, W. Tang, S. Xu, S. Jia, B. Wei, S. Liu, C. Fan, et al., Energy Storage Mater. 56 (2023) 267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.01.021.
21. [21]
  P.F. Wang, Y. You, Y.X. Yin, Y.G. Guo, Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (2017) 1701912, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701912.P.F. Wang, Y. You, Y.X. Yin, Y.G. Guo, Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (2017) 1701912, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701912.
22. [22]
  Z.-X. Huang, Z.-Y. Gu, Y.-L. Heng, E. Huixiang Ang, H.-B. Geng, X.-L. Wu, Chem. Eng. J. 452 (2023) 139438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139438.Z.-X. Huang, Z.-Y. Gu, Y.-L. Heng, E. Huixiang Ang, H.-B. Geng, X.-L. Wu, Chem. Eng. J. 452 (2023) 139438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139438.
23. [23]
  P.K. Jha, V. Pralong, M. Fichtner, P. Barpanda, Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 38 (2023) 101216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2023.101216.P.K. Jha, V. Pralong, M. Fichtner, P. Barpanda, Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 38 (2023) 101216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2023.101216.
24. [24]
  P.K. Jha, S.N. Totade, P. Barpanda, G. Sai Gautam, Inorganic Chemistry 62 (2023) 14971, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01686.P.K. Jha, S.N. Totade, P. Barpanda, G. Sai Gautam, Inorganic Chemistry 62 (2023) 14971, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01686.
25. [25]
  W. Tang, Y. Tang, M. Liu, Y. Cheng, P.-F. Wang, Energy Mater. 5 (2025) 500140, https://doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2025.11.W. Tang, Y. Tang, M. Liu, Y. Cheng, P.-F. Wang, Energy Mater. 5 (2025) 500140, https://doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2025.11.
26. [26]
  J. Liao, Y. Han, Z. Zhang, J. Xu, J. Li, X. Zhou, Energy Environ. Mater. 4 (2021) 178, https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12166.J. Liao, Y. Han, Z. Zhang, J. Xu, J. Li, X. Zhou, Energy Environ. Mater. 4 (2021) 178, https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12166.
27. [27]
  Y. Zheng, Y. Meng, X. Hu, H. Peng, L. Feng, Y. Wang, B. Li, Adv. Mater. 37 (2024) 2413202, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202413202.Y. Zheng, Y. Meng, X. Hu, H. Peng, L. Feng, Y. Wang, B. Li, Adv. Mater. 37 (2024) 2413202, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202413202.
28. [28]
  X. Zhu, H. Dong, Y. Liu, Y.-H. Feng, Y. Tang, L. Yu, S.-W. Xu, G.-X. Wei, S. Sun, M. Liu, et al., ACS Nano 18 (2024) 32003, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c09918.X. Zhu, H. Dong, Y. Liu, Y.-H. Feng, Y. Tang, L. Yu, S.-W. Xu, G.-X. Wei, S. Sun, M. Liu, et al., ACS Nano 18 (2024) 32003, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c09918.
29. [29]
  H. Dong, H. Liu, Y.-J. Guo, Y.-H. Feng, X. Zhu, S.-W. Xu, F. Sui, L. Yu, M. Liu, J.-Z. Guo, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146 (2024) 22335, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c04814.H. Dong, H. Liu, Y.-J. Guo, Y.-H. Feng, X. Zhu, S.-W. Xu, F. Sui, L. Yu, M. Liu, J.-Z. Guo, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146 (2024) 22335, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c04814.
30. [30]
  W. Lee, S. Muhammad, C. Sergey, H. Lee, J. Yoon, Y.M. Kang, W.S. Yoon, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 (2019) 2578, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902359.W. Lee, S. Muhammad, C. Sergey, H. Lee, J. Yoon, Y.M. Kang, W.S. Yoon, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59 (2019) 2578, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902359.
31. [31]
  Y. Zheng, H. Xie, J. Li, K.S. Hui, Z. Yu, H. Xu, D.A. Dinh, Z. Ye, C. Zha, K.N. Hui, Adv. Energy Mater. 14 (2024) 2400461, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202400461.Y. Zheng, H. Xie, J. Li, K.S. Hui, Z. Yu, H. Xu, D.A. Dinh, Z. Ye, C. Zha, K.N. Hui, Adv. Energy Mater. 14 (2024) 2400461, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202400461.
32. [32]
  H.Y. Asl, A. Manthiram, Science 369 (2020) 140, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5454.H.Y. Asl, A. Manthiram, Science 369 (2020) 140, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5454.
33. [33]
  H. Zhou, Y. Bai, C. Yang, C. Guo, F. Liu, P. Hu, C. Han, X. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 488 (2024) 150809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150809.H. Zhou, Y. Bai, C. Yang, C. Guo, F. Liu, P. Hu, C. Han, X. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 488 (2024) 150809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150809.
34. [34]
  W. Shu, J. Li, G. Zhang, J. Meng, X. Wang, L. Mai, Nano-Micro Lett. 16 (2024) 128, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01355-y.W. Shu, J. Li, G. Zhang, J. Meng, X. Wang, L. Mai, Nano-Micro Lett. 16 (2024) 128, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01355-y.
35. [35]
  Y. Zhu, Y. Xu, Y. Liu, C. Luo, C. Wang, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 780, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr32758a.Y. Zhu, Y. Xu, Y. Liu, C. Luo, C. Wang, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 780, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr32758a.
36. [36]
  C.J. Wen, B.A. Boukamp, R.A. Huggins, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 2258, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2128939.C.J. Wen, B.A. Boukamp, R.A. Huggins, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 2258, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2128939.
37. [37]
  B.J. Inkson. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for materials characterization. In Materials Characterization Using Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Methods, Woodhead: London, UK, 2016, pp. 17–43.B.J. Inkson. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for materials characterization. In Materials Characterization Using Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Methods, Woodhead: London, UK, 2016, pp. 17–43.
38. [38]
  A. Chauhan, J. Anal. Bioanal. Tech. 5 (2014) 1000212, https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000212.A. Chauhan, J. Anal. Bioanal. Tech. 5 (2014) 1000212, https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000212.
39. [39]
  D. Liu, Z. Shadike, R. Lin, K. Qian, H. Li, K. Li, S. Wang, Q. Yu, M. Liu, S. Ganapathy, et al., Adv. Mater. 31 (2019) 1806620, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806620.D. Liu, Z. Shadike, R. Lin, K. Qian, H. Li, K. Li, S. Wang, Q. Yu, M. Liu, S. Ganapathy, et al., Adv. Mater. 31 (2019) 1806620, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806620.
40. [40]
  A.V. Llewellyn, A. Matruglio, D.J.L. Brett, R. Jervis, P.R. Shearing, Condens. Matter 5 (2020) 75, https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat5040075.A.V. Llewellyn, A. Matruglio, D.J.L. Brett, R. Jervis, P.R. Shearing, Condens. Matter 5 (2020) 75, https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat5040075.
41. [41]
  A. Iglesias-Juez, G.L. Chiarello, G.S. Patience, M.O. Guerrero-Pérez, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 100 (2021) 3, https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.24291.A. Iglesias-Juez, G.L. Chiarello, G.S. Patience, M.O. Guerrero-Pérez, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 100 (2021) 3, https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.24291.
42. [42]
  K. Li, X. Fan, D.J. Singh, W.T. Zheng, J. Energy Chem. 54 (2021) 377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.06.003.K. Li, X. Fan, D.J. Singh, W.T. Zheng, J. Energy Chem. 54 (2021) 377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.06.003.
43. [43]
  P. Li, S. Luo, J. Cong, Y. Lin, X. Yuan, S. Yan, J. Energy Storage 98 (2024) 113042, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.113042.P. Li, S. Luo, J. Cong, Y. Lin, X. Yuan, S. Yan, J. Energy Storage 98 (2024) 113042, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.113042.
44. [44]
  H. Lu, S. Chu, J. Tian, Q. Wang, C. Sheng, C. Cheng, R. Liu, A.M. D'Angelo, W.K. Pang, L. Zhang, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2023) 2305470, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202305470.H. Lu, S. Chu, J. Tian, Q. Wang, C. Sheng, C. Cheng, R. Liu, A.M. D'Angelo, W.K. Pang, L. Zhang, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2023) 2305470, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202305470.
45. [45]
  T. Liu, S. Hou, Y. Li, S. Xue, J. Hu, H. Fu, C. Yang, L. Zhao, J. Energy Chem. 64 (2022) 335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.04.062.T. Liu, S. Hou, Y. Li, S. Xue, J. Hu, H. Fu, C. Yang, L. Zhao, J. Energy Chem. 64 (2022) 335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.04.062.
46. [46]
  P.K. Jha, A. Golubnichiy, D. Sachdeva, A. Banerjee, G. Sai Gautam, M. Fichtner, A.M. Abakumov, P. Barpanda, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2410665, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202410665.P.K. Jha, A. Golubnichiy, D. Sachdeva, A. Banerjee, G. Sai Gautam, M. Fichtner, A.M. Abakumov, P. Barpanda, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2410665, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202410665.
47. [47]
  L. Duan, C. Shao, J. Liao, L. Song, Y. Zhang, R. Li, S. Guo, X. Zhou, H. Zhou, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63 (2024) e202400868, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202400868.L. Duan, C. Shao, J. Liao, L. Song, Y. Zhang, R. Li, S. Guo, X. Zhou, H. Zhou, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63 (2024) e202400868, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202400868.
48. [48]
  L. Duan, Y. Xu, Z. Zhang, J. Xu, J. Liao, J. Xu, Y. Sun, Y. He, X. Zhou, J. Mater. Chem. A 9 (2021) 22820, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta07108d.L. Duan, Y. Xu, Z. Zhang, J. Xu, J. Liao, J. Xu, Y. Sun, Y. He, X. Zhou, J. Mater. Chem. A 9 (2021) 22820, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta07108d.
49. [49]
  R. Dang, Q.-B. Yan, E. Zhao, N. Li, K. Wu, Z. Chen, Z. Wu, X. Liu, Z. Hu, X. Xiao, Sci. China Mater. 65 (2022) 1741, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-1954-4.R. Dang, Q.-B. Yan, E. Zhao, N. Li, K. Wu, Z. Chen, Z. Wu, X. Liu, Z. Hu, X. Xiao, Sci. China Mater. 65 (2022) 1741, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-1954-4.
50. [50]
  X. Yin, M. Gu, Q. Yang, K. Lei, New J. Chem. 48 (2024) 9352, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3nj05812c.X. Yin, M. Gu, Q. Yang, K. Lei, New J. Chem. 48 (2024) 9352, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3nj05812c.
51. [51]
  Y. Tang, H. Dong, M. Liu, G.-X. Wei, J.-H. Li, W. Tang, Y. Liu, X. Zhu, Y.-H. Feng, Q. Liu, et al., J. Mater. Chem. A 12 (2024) 14360, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta02122c.Y. Tang, H. Dong, M. Liu, G.-X. Wei, J.-H. Li, W. Tang, Y. Liu, X. Zhu, Y.-H. Feng, Q. Liu, et al., J. Mater. Chem. A 12 (2024) 14360, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta02122c.
52. [52]
  Z. Caixiang, J. Hao, J. Zhou, X. Yu, B. Lu, Adv. Energy Mater. 13 (2022) 2203126, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203126.Z. Caixiang, J. Hao, J. Zhou, X. Yu, B. Lu, Adv. Energy Mater. 13 (2022) 2203126, https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203126.
53. [53]
  Z. Li, W. Xiao, Y. Cao, W. Lv, M. Wu, Z. Hou, J. Yang, X. Li, X. Zhang, C. Xie, et al., J. Power Sources 624 (2024) 235542, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235542.Z. Li, W. Xiao, Y. Cao, W. Lv, M. Wu, Z. Hou, J. Yang, X. Li, X. Zhang, C. Xie, et al., J. Power Sources 624 (2024) 235542, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235542.
54. [54]
  R.-J. Luo, X.-L. Li, J.-Y. Ding, J. Bao, C. Ma, C.-Y. Du, X.-Y. Cai, X.-J. Wu, Y.-N. Zhou, Energy Storage Mater. 47 (2022) 408, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.02.027.R.-J. Luo, X.-L. Li, J.-Y. Ding, J. Bao, C. Ma, C.-Y. Du, X.-Y. Cai, X.-J. Wu, Y.-N. Zhou, Energy Storage Mater. 47 (2022) 408, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.02.027.
55. [55]
  Z. Li, W. Xiao, H. Qian, W. Lv, K. Zhang, M. Wu, Z. Hou, J. Yang, X. Li, M. Zhang, et al., Chem. Eng. J. 507 (2025) 160414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.160414.Z. Li, W. Xiao, H. Qian, W. Lv, K. Zhang, M. Wu, Z. Hou, J. Yang, X. Li, M. Zhang, et al., Chem. Eng. J. 507 (2025) 160414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.160414.
56. [56]
  Y. Huang, X. Zhang, H. Lin, Z. Wei, Y. Zeng, X. Ge, W. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Jin, Z. Xiang Shen, et al., Chem. Eng. J. 453 (2023) 139571, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139571.Y. Huang, X. Zhang, H. Lin, Z. Wei, Y. Zeng, X. Ge, W. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Jin, Z. Xiang Shen, et al., Chem. Eng. J. 453 (2023) 139571, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139571.
57. [57]
  Z. Liu, S. Li, J. Mu, L.-K. Zhao, X.-W. Gao, Q. Gu, X.-C. Wang, H. Chen, W.-B. Luo, Mater. Today Chem. 40 (2024) 102251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2024.102251.Z. Liu, S. Li, J. Mu, L.-K. Zhao, X.-W. Gao, Q. Gu, X.-C. Wang, H. Chen, W.-B. Luo, Mater. Today Chem. 40 (2024) 102251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2024.102251.
58. [58]
  J. Cong, S.-h. Luo, Y.-c. Lin, P.-y. Li, L.-x. Qian, S.-x. Yan, J. Guo, J. Energy Storage 102 (2024) 114017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.114017.J. Cong, S.-h. Luo, Y.-c. Lin, P.-y. Li, L.-x. Qian, S.-x. Yan, J. Guo, J. Energy Storage 102 (2024) 114017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.114017.
59. [59]
  L. Yang, C. Shi, X. Pan, W. Xu, Y. Wang, W. Yang, D. Wang, Y. Zhao, F. Gao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2025) 2502974, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202502974.L. Yang, C. Shi, X. Pan, W. Xu, Y. Wang, W. Yang, D. Wang, Y. Zhao, F. Gao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2025) 2502974, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202502974.
60. [60]
  Z. Wang, Z. Liu, H. Li, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 691 (2025) 137387, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137387.Z. Wang, Z. Liu, H. Li, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 691 (2025) 137387, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137387.
61. [61]
  X.-W. Gao, L.-K. Zhao, Q. Li, R. Yang, Z.-m. Liu, W.-B. Luo, J. Mater. Chem. A 12 (2024) 23059, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta03853c.X.-W. Gao, L.-K. Zhao, Q. Li, R. Yang, Z.-m. Liu, W.-B. Luo, J. Mater. Chem. A 12 (2024) 23059, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta03853c.
62. [62]
  H. Chen, L.-K. Zhao, S.-D. Li, T. Ren, X.-J. Cheng, X.-W. Gao, Z.-M. Liu, D.-R. Yang, T.-Z. Ren, W.-B. Luo, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 695 (2025) 137733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137733.H. Chen, L.-K. Zhao, S.-D. Li, T. Ren, X.-J. Cheng, X.-W. Gao, Z.-M. Liu, D.-R. Yang, T.-Z. Ren, W.-B. Luo, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 695 (2025) 137733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137733.
63. [63]
  Y.-S. Xu, M.-Y. Qi, Q.-H. Zhang, F.-Q. Meng, Y.-N. Zhou, S.-J. Guo, Y.-G. Sun, L. Gu, B.-B. Chang, C.-T. Liu, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 (2022) 13379, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00811.Y.-S. Xu, M.-Y. Qi, Q.-H. Zhang, F.-Q. Meng, Y.-N. Zhou, S.-J. Guo, Y.-G. Sun, L. Gu, B.-B. Chang, C.-T. Liu, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 (2022) 13379, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00811.
64. [64]
  Y. Yu, M. Huang, B. He, J. Meng, Y. Wang, M. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wang, Nano Res. 18 (2024) 94907507, https://doi.org/10.26599/nr.2025.94907507.Y. Yu, M. Huang, B. He, J. Meng, Y. Wang, M. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wang, Nano Res. 18 (2024) 94907507, https://doi.org/10.26599/nr.2025.94907507.
65. [65]
  L. Wu, H. Fu, W. Lyu, L. Cha, A.M. Rao, K. Guo, J. Zhou, S. Wen, B. Lu, ACS Nano 18 (2024) 13415, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c03813.L. Wu, H. Fu, W. Lyu, L. Cha, A.M. Rao, K. Guo, J. Zhou, S. Wen, B. Lu, ACS Nano 18 (2024) 13415, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c03813.
66. [66]
  L. Duan, H. Tang, X. Xu, J. Liao, X. Li, G. Zhou, X. Zhou, Energy Storage Mater. 62 (2023) 102950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.102950.L. Duan, H. Tang, X. Xu, J. Liao, X. Li, G. Zhou, X. Zhou, Energy Storage Mater. 62 (2023) 102950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.102950.
67. [67]
  X. Ding, Y. Wang, X. Wang, L. Geng, C. Guo, W. Liu, H. Wang, C. Sun, C. Han, Chem. Eng. J. 466 (2023) 143331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.143331.X. Ding, Y. Wang, X. Wang, L. Geng, C. Guo, W. Liu, H. Wang, C. Sun, C. Han, Chem. Eng. J. 466 (2023) 143331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.143331.
68. [68]
  S. Li, L. Wu, H. Fu, A.M. Rao, L. Cha, J. Zhou, B. Lu, Small Methods 7 (2023) 2300893, https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202300893.S. Li, L. Wu, H. Fu, A.M. Rao, L. Cha, J. Zhou, B. Lu, Small Methods 7 (2023) 2300893, https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202300893.
69. [69]
  S. Chu, C. Shao, J. Tian, J. Wang, Y. Rao, C. Xu, H. Zhou, S. Guo, ACS Nano 18 (2023) 337, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c06393.S. Chu, C. Shao, J. Tian, J. Wang, Y. Rao, C. Xu, H. Zhou, S. Guo, ACS Nano 18 (2023) 337, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c06393.
70. [70]
  A. Gao, J. Xia, M. Li, X. Lu, F. Wang, R. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 (2021) 2108267, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202108267.A. Gao, J. Xia, M. Li, X. Lu, F. Wang, R. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 (2021) 2108267, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202108267.
71. [71]
  B. Li, X. Wang, T. Gao, W. Yang, Q. Jian, J. Liu, L. He, Z. Wu, Y. Ruan, J. Phys. Chem. C 129 (2025) 6628, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5c00253.B. Li, X. Wang, T. Gao, W. Yang, Q. Jian, J. Liu, L. He, Z. Wu, Y. Ruan, J. Phys. Chem. C 129 (2025) 6628, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5c00253.
72. [72]
  Y. Kim, G. Oh, J. Lee, H. Kang, H. Kim, J. Park, S. Kansara, J.-Y. Hwang, Y. Park, K.R. Lestari, et al., J. Power Sources 588 (2023) 233729, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233729.Y. Kim, G. Oh, J. Lee, H. Kang, H. Kim, J. Park, S. Kansara, J.-Y. Hwang, Y. Park, K.R. Lestari, et al., J. Power Sources 588 (2023) 233729, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233729.
73. [73]
  Y. Huang, X. Zhang, N. Chen, R. Tian, Y. Zeng, F. Du, Small 19 (2023) 2302841, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202302841.Y. Huang, X. Zhang, N. Chen, R. Tian, Y. Zeng, F. Du, Small 19 (2023) 2302841, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202302841.
74. [74]
  H. Shi, X.-W. Gao, X. Wang, H. Chen, W. Han, Q. Gu, Z. Liu, W.-B. Luo, Chem. Eng. J. 484 (2024) 149574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149574.H. Shi, X.-W. Gao, X. Wang, H. Chen, W. Han, Q. Gu, Z. Liu, W.-B. Luo, Chem. Eng. J. 484 (2024) 149574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149574.
75. [75]
  Z. Zhang, Q. Hu, J. Liao, Y. Xu, L. Duan, R. Tian, Y. Du, J. Shen, X. Zhou, Nano Lett. 23 (2023) 694, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04649.Z. Zhang, Q. Hu, J. Liao, Y. Xu, L. Duan, R. Tian, Y. Du, J. Shen, X. Zhou, Nano Lett. 23 (2023) 694, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04649.
76. [76]
  W. Ko, J. Kim, J. Kang, H. Park, Y. Lee, J. Ahn, B. Ku, M. Choi, H. Ahn, G. Oh, et al., Mater. Today Energy 36 (2023) 101356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2023.101356.W. Ko, J. Kim, J. Kang, H. Park, Y. Lee, J. Ahn, B. Ku, M. Choi, H. Ahn, G. Oh, et al., Mater. Today Energy 36 (2023) 101356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2023.101356.
77. [77]
  W. Ko, S. Lee, H. Park, J. Kang, J. Ahn, Y. Lee, G. Oh, J.K. Yoo, J.Y. Hwang, J. Kim, Carbon Energy 6 (2024) e454, https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.454.W. Ko, S. Lee, H. Park, J. Kang, J. Ahn, Y. Lee, G. Oh, J.K. Yoo, J.Y. Hwang, J. Kim, Carbon Energy 6 (2024) e454, https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.454.
78. [78]
  Q. Fu, A. Sarapulova, L. Zhu, G. Melinte, A. Missyul, E. Welter, X. Luo, M. Knapp, H. Ehrenberg, S. Dsoke, J. Energy Chem. 62 (2021) 627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.04.027.Q. Fu, A. Sarapulova, L. Zhu, G. Melinte, A. Missyul, E. Welter, X. Luo, M. Knapp, H. Ehrenberg, S. Dsoke, J. Energy Chem. 62 (2021) 627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2021.04.027.
79. [79]
  A. Bhatia, J.-P. Pereira-Ramos, N. Emery, R. Baddour-Hadjean, Chem.Mater. 33 (2021) 5276, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c01390.A. Bhatia, J.-P. Pereira-Ramos, N. Emery, R. Baddour-Hadjean, Chem.Mater. 33 (2021) 5276, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c01390.
80. [80]
  Q. Deng, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, R. Wang, J. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Feng, R. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 (2022) 14243, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00548.Q. Deng, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, R. Wang, J. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Feng, R. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 (2022) 14243, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00548.
81. [81]
  Y.-r. Zhu, K. Cao, F. Chen, J.-m. Dong, N.-q. Ren, C.-h. Chen, Chem. Commun. 59 (2023) 10000, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cc02519e.Y.-r. Zhu, K. Cao, F. Chen, J.-m. Dong, N.-q. Ren, C.-h. Chen, Chem. Commun. 59 (2023) 10000, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cc02519e.
82. [82]
  G. Oh, S. Kansara, X. Xu, Y. Liu, S. Xiong, J.Y. Hwang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2401210, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202401210.G. Oh, S. Kansara, X. Xu, Y. Liu, S. Xiong, J.Y. Hwang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2401210, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202401210.
83. [83]
  Z. Duan, X. Zhang, J. Xu, N. Chu, J. Zhang, M. Ji, X. Wang, D. Kong, Y. Wang, P.K. Chu, Small 20 (2024) 2405430, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202405430.Z. Duan, X. Zhang, J. Xu, N. Chu, J. Zhang, M. Ji, X. Wang, D. Kong, Y. Wang, P.K. Chu, Small 20 (2024) 2405430, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202405430.
84. [84]
  L. Wu, H. Fu, S. Li, J. Zhu, J. Zhou, A.M. Rao, L. Cha, K. Guo, S. Wen, B. Lu, Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 644, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36385-4.L. Wu, H. Fu, S. Li, J. Zhu, J. Zhou, A.M. Rao, L. Cha, K. Guo, S. Wen, B. Lu, Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 644, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36385-4.
85. [85]
  J. Liao, Q. Hu, X. Sheng, Z. Zhang, Y. Xu, X. Mo, X. Zhou, ACS Mater. Lett. 4 (2022) 1653, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00531.J. Liao, Q. Hu, X. Sheng, Z. Zhang, Y. Xu, X. Mo, X. Zhou, ACS Mater. Lett. 4 (2022) 1653, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00531.
86. [86]
  J.H. Jo, H.J. Kim, N. Yaqoob, K. Ihm, O. Guillon, K.-S. Sohn, N. Lee, P. Kaghazchi, S.-T. Myung, Energy Storage Mater. 54 (2023) 680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.11.015.J.H. Jo, H.J. Kim, N. Yaqoob, K. Ihm, O. Guillon, K.-S. Sohn, N. Lee, P. Kaghazchi, S.-T. Myung, Energy Storage Mater. 54 (2023) 680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.11.015.
87. [87]
  K. Jiao, T. Yamamoto, H. Kiuchi, H. Zhao, T. Nohira, J. Electrochem. Soc. 171 (2024) 040529, https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad3aab.K. Jiao, T. Yamamoto, H. Kiuchi, H. Zhao, T. Nohira, J. Electrochem. Soc. 171 (2024) 040529, https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad3aab.
88. [88]
  J. Cong, S.-h. Luo, Y.-c. Lin, P.-y. Li, L.-x. Qian, S.-x. Yan, X. Liu, P.-w. Li, C.-s. Li, J. Energy Storage 90 (2024) 111984, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111984.J. Cong, S.-h. Luo, Y.-c. Lin, P.-y. Li, L.-x. Qian, S.-x. Yan, X. Liu, P.-w. Li, C.-s. Li, J. Energy Storage 90 (2024) 111984, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111984.
89. [89]
  S. Park, S. Park, Y. Park, M.H. Alfaruqi, J.-Y. Hwang, J. Kim, Energ. Environ. Sci. 14 (2021) 5864, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee01136g.S. Park, S. Park, Y. Park, M.H. Alfaruqi, J.-Y. Hwang, J. Kim, Energ. Environ. Sci. 14 (2021) 5864, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee01136g.
90. [90]
  S. Manna, D. Roy, S. Das, B. Pathak, Mater. Adv. 3 (2022) 7833, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ma00746k.S. Manna, D. Roy, S. Das, B. Pathak, Mater. Adv. 3 (2022) 7833, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ma00746k.
91. [91]
  B. Ma, L. Zhang, W. Wang, H. Yu, X. Yang, S. Chen, H. Wang, X. Liu, Green Energy Environ. 9 (2024) 877, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2022.10.002.B. Ma, L. Zhang, W. Wang, H. Yu, X. Yang, S. Chen, H. Wang, X. Liu, Green Energy Environ. 9 (2024) 877, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2022.10.002.
92. [92]
  H. Chen, D. Yang, G. Huang, X. Zhang, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 40 (2024) 2305059, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202305059.H. Chen, D. Yang, G. Huang, X. Zhang, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 40 (2024) 2305059, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202305059.
93. [93]
  C. Chen, Y. Zhao, Y. Li, J. Liu, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 39 (2023) 2211005, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202211005.C. Chen, Y. Zhao, Y. Li, J. Liu, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 39 (2023) 2211005, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202211005.
94. [94]
  X. Hu, Q. Xia, F. Yue, X. He, Z. Mei, J. Wang, H. Xia, X. Huang, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 40 (2024) 2309046, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202309046.X. Hu, Q. Xia, F. Yue, X. He, Z. Mei, J. Wang, H. Xia, X. Huang, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 40 (2024) 2309046, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202309046.
95. [95]
  K. Wang, K. Liu, H. Wu, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 39 (2023) 2301009, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202301009.K. Wang, K. Liu, H. Wu, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 39 (2023) 2301009, https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.Whxb202301009.
96. [96]
  Y. Yang, J. Zhou, H. Fu, J. Wen, Y. Wu, A.M. Rao, J. Cheng, X. Yu, J. Zhou, B. Lu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2025) 2508466, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202508466.Y. Yang, J. Zhou, H. Fu, J. Wen, Y. Wu, A.M. Rao, J. Cheng, X. Yu, J. Zhou, B. Lu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 35 (2025) 2508466, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202508466.
97. [97]
  J. Wen, H. Fu, C. Gao, J. Zhou, A.M. Rao, S. Wen, B. Lu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64 (2025) e202501155, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202501155.J. Wen, H. Fu, C. Gao, J. Zhou, A.M. Rao, S. Wen, B. Lu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64 (2025) e202501155, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202501155.
98. [98]
  Z. Qu, W. Luo, C. Gao, Y. Liu, Z. Shi, A.M. Rao, F. Li, B. Lu, National Science Open 4 (2025) 20250022, https://doi.org/10.1360/nso/20250022.Z. Qu, W. Luo, C. Gao, Y. Liu, Z. Shi, A.M. Rao, F. Li, B. Lu, National Science Open 4 (2025) 20250022, https://doi.org/10.1360/nso/20250022.
99. [99]
  Q. Yue, M. Xia, J. Zhou, J. Cheng, B. Lu, J. Energy Chem. 108 (2025) 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.089.Q. Yue, M. Xia, J. Zhou, J. Cheng, B. Lu, J. Energy Chem. 108 (2025) 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.03.089.

扫一扫看文章

计量

PDF下载量: 0
文章访问数: 8
HTML全文浏览量: 0

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

钾离子电池过渡金属氧化物正极材料：研究进展与设计策略

通讯作者: 鲁兵安,E-mail:luba2012@hnu.edu.cn

English

Transition metal oxide cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries: research progress and design strategies

Corresponding author: Bingan Lu, luba2012@hnu.edu.cn

CCS Chemistry：嵌段共聚物自组装成 “三明治”二维有机材料，实现纳米级压力传感功能

CCS Chemistry：颜徐州、鲍哲南：你的皮肤可能是一片SPMs

CCS Chemistry：工作高效不疲劳，只须让催化剂动起来

CCS Chemistry：静电组装导向聚合- 聚电解质纳米凝胶量化制备新策略

CCS Chemistry：金黄色葡萄球菌醛基脱氢酶是如何识别特异性底物的？

计量

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

中国化学会秘书处

钾离子电池过渡金属氧化物正极材料：研究进展与设计策略

通讯作者: 鲁兵安,E-mail:luba2012@hnu.edu.cn

English

Transition metal oxide cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries: research progress and design strategies

Corresponding author: Bingan Lu, luba2012@hnu.edu.cn

CCS Chemistry：嵌段共聚物自组装成 “三明治”二维有机材料，实现纳米级压力传感功能

CCS Chemistry：颜徐州、鲍哲南： 你的皮肤可能是一片SPMs

CCS Chemistry：工作高效不疲劳，只须让催化剂动起来

CCS Chemistry：静电组装导向聚合- 聚电解质纳米凝胶量化制备新策略

CCS Chemistry：金黄色葡萄球菌醛基脱氢酶是如何识别特异性底物的？

计量

文章相关

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

中国化学会秘书处

CCS Chemistry：颜徐州、鲍哲南：你的皮肤可能是一片SPMs